This guide contains the general tips to optimize your application that use the OrientDB. Below you can find links for the specific guides different per database type used. Look at the specific guides based on the database type you're using:
To tune OrientDB look at the Configuration settings.
These settings are valid for both Server component and the JVM where is running the Java application that use OrientDB in Embedded Mode, by using directly plocal.
The most important thing on tuning is assuring the memory settings are correct. What can make the real difference is the right balancing between the heap and the virtual memory used by Memory Mapping, specially on large datasets (GBs, TBs and more) where the in memory cache structures count less than raw IO.
For example if you can assign maximum 8GB to the Java process, it's usually better assigning small heap and large disk cache buffer (off-heap memory). So rather than:
java -Xmx8g ...
You could instead try this:
java -Xmx800m -Dstorage.diskCache.bufferSize=7200 ...
The storage.diskCache.bufferSize setting (with old "local" storage it was file.mmap.maxMemory) is in MB and tells how much memory to use for Disk Cache component. By default is 4GB.
NOTE: If the sum of maximum heap and disk cache buffer is too high, could cause the OS to swap with huge slow down.
JVM settings are encoded in server.sh (and server.bat) batch files. You can change them to tune the JVM according to your usage and hw/sw settings. We found these setting work well on most configurations:
-server -XX:+AggressiveOpts -XX:CompileThreshold=200
OrientDB has an optimistic concurrency control system, but on very high concurrent updates on the few records it could be more efficient locking records to avoid retries. You could synchronize the access by yourself or by using the storage API. Note that this works only with non-remote databases.
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).acquireWriteLock(final ORID iRid)
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).acquireSharedLock(final ORID iRid)
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).releaseWriteLock(final ORID iRid)
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).releaseSharedLock(final ORID iRid)
Example of usage. Writer threads:
try{
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).acquireWriteLock(record.getIdentity());
// DO SOMETHING
} finally {
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).releaseWriteLock(record.getIdentity());
}
Reader threads:
try{
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).acquireSharedLock(record.getIdentity());
// DO SOMETHING
} finally {
((OStorageEmbedded)db.getStorage()).releaseSharedLock(record.getIdentity());
}
There are many ways to improve performance when you access to the database using the remote connection.
When you work with a remote database you've to pay attention to the fetching strategy used. By default OrientDB Client loads only the record contained in the result set. For example if a query returns 100 elements, but then you cross these elements from the client, then OrientDB client lazily loads the elements with one more network call to the server foreach missed record.
By specifying a fetch plan when you execute a command you're telling to OrientDB to prefetch the elements you know the client application will access. By specifying a complete fetch plan you could receive the entire result in just one network call.
For more information look at: Fetching-Strategies.
Each client, by default, uses only one network connection to talk with the server. Multiple threads on the same client share the same network connection pool.
When you've multiple threads could be a bottleneck since a lot of time is spent on waiting for a free network connection. This is the reason why is much important to configure the network connection pool.
The configurations is very simple, just 2 parameters:
At first connection the minPool is used to pre-create network connections against the server. When a client thread is asking for a connection and all the pool is busy, then it tries to create a new connection until maxPool is reached.
If all the pool connections are busy, then the client thread will wait for the first free connection.
Example of configuration by using database properties:
database = new ODatabaseDocumentTx("remote:localhost/demo");
database.setProperty("minPool", 2);
database.setProperty("maxPool", 5);
database.open("admin", "admin");
If you see a lot of messages like:
WARNING: Connection re-acquired transparently after XXXms and Y retries: no errors will be thrown at application level
means that probably default timeouts are too low and server side operation need more time to complete. It's strongly suggested you enlarge your timeout only after tried to enlarge the Network Connection Pool. The timeout parameters to tune are:
network.lockTimeout, the timeout in ms to acquire a lock against a channel. The default is 15 seconds.network.socketTimeout, the TCP/IP Socket timeout in ms. The default is 10 seconds.The first improvement to speed up queries is to create Indexes against the fields used in WHERE conditions. For example this query:
SELECT FROM Profile WHERE name = 'Jay'
Browses the entire "profile" cluster looking for records that satisfy the conditions. The solution is to create an index against the 'name' property with:
CREATE INDEX profile.name UNIQUE
Use NOTUNIQUE instead of UNIQUE if the value is not unique.
For more complex queries like
select * from testClass where prop1 = ? and prop2 = ?
Composite index should be used
CREATE INDEX compositeIndex ON testClass (prop1, prop2) UNIQUE
or via Java API:
oClass.createIndex("compositeIndex", OClass.INDEX_TYPE.UNIQUE, "prop1", "prop2");
Moreover, because of partial match searching, this index will be used for optimizing query like
select * from testClass where prop1 = ?
For deep understanding of query optimization look at the unit test: http://code.google.com/p/orient/source/browse/trunk/tests/src/test/java/com/orientechnologies/orient/test/database/auto/SQLSelectIndexReuseTest.java
OrientDB is a graph database. This means that traversing is very efficient. You can use this feature to optimize queries. A common technique is the Pivoting.
Using @rid in where conditions slow down queries. Much better to use the RecordID as target. Example:
Change this:
SELECT FROM Profile WHERE @rid = #10:44
With this:
SELECT FROM #10:44
Also
SELECT FROM Profile WHERE @rid IN [#10:44, #10:45]
With this:
SELECT FROM [#10:44, #10:45]
Intents suggest to OrientDB what you're going to do. In this case you're telling to OrientDB that you're executing a massive insertion. OrientDB auto-reconfigure itself to obtain the best performance. When done you can remove the intent just setting it to null.
Example:
db.declareIntent( new OIntentMassiveInsert() );
// YOUR MASSIVE INSERTION
db.declareIntent( null );
In case of massive insertion, specially when this operation is made just once, you could disable the journal (WAL) to improve insertion speed:
-storage.useWAL=false
By default WAL (Write Ahead Log) is enabled.
Updates generates "holes" at Storage level because rarely the new record fits perfectly the size of the previous one. Holes are free spaces between data. Holes are recycled but an excessive number of small holes it's the same as having a highly defragmented File System: space is wasted (because small holes can't be easily recycled) and performance degrades when the database growth.
If you know you will update certain type of records, create a class for them and set the Oversize (default is 0) to 2 or more.
By default the OGraphVertex class has an oversize value setted at 2. If you define your own classes set this value at least at 2.
OClass myClass = getMetadata().getSchema().createClass("Car"); myClass.setOverSize(2);
To obtain real linear performance with OrientDB you should avoid to use Transactions as far as you can. In facts OrientDB keeps in memory all the changes until you flush it with a commit. So the bottleneck is your Heap space and the management of local transaction cache (implemented as a Map).
Transactions slow down massive inserts unless you're using a "remote" connection. In that case it speeds up all the insertion because the client/server communication happens only at commit time.
If you need to group operations to speed up remote execution in a logical transaction but renouncing to the Transaction Log, just disable it by setting the property tx.useLog to false.
Via JVM configuration:
java ... -Dtx.useLog=false ...
or via API:
OGlobalConfiguration.TX_USE_LOG.setValue(false);
NOTE: Please note that in case of crash of the JVM the pending transaction OrientDB could not be able to rollback it.
The smaller the database you have, the bigger are the number of records you can cache in memory. Furthermore small database means faster seek in filesystem and minor loading time from disk/network. In order to keep your database small follow the following suggestions:
OrientDB is schema-less that means field names are stored with the values too. So if you call a field "out" instead of "outVertices" you saves 8 characters, namely 8 bytes per record. Applying this to millions of records allows you to save several Megabytes.